Skip to content
Articles

Visitor Awareness of World Heritage Emblem in Developing Countries

Contributor 1, Contributor 2

Published: November 30, 2020Pages: 56-70DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20464888CC BY 4.0
Open AccessPeer Reviewed
PDF

Abstract

The world heritage emblem is a sign of protection and preservation of destinations recognized as World Heritage sites. However, the World heritage emblem is becoming a promoting brand to pull visitors to the World Heritage sites. This paper aims to examine whether the world heritage emblem communicates any message to domestic visitors to avoid misused and promote the UNESCO emblem's right meaningful. The research context is in developing countries that have an increasing growth rate focus on the tourism-driven economy.  The researcher collected data from Vietnam, Philippine, Thailand, and conducted lengthy, semi-structured interviews with visitors at the World Heritage sites. Each interview lasted about 30 minutes with recording and transcribing. The findings could support the local government in promoting UNESCO's right spirit to visitors’ awareness and destination management organizations and tourism businesses.

Keywords: Visitor awareness, World Heritage Emblem, Developing countries, Heritage sites

Article Details

Journal
Journal On Tourism & Sustainability (JOTS)
Issue
Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020
Section
Articles
Pages
56-70
DOI
10.5281/zenodo.20464888
Zenodo Record
https://zenodo.org/records/20464888
Published
November 30, 2020
Canonical URL
https://otsjournal.org/article/visitor-awareness-of-world-heritage-emblem-in-developing-countries

References

  1. Aaker, D. A. (1996). Measuring Brand Equity Across Products and Markets. California Management Review, 38(3), 102 – 120. https://doi.org/10.2307/41165845.
  2. AD Shocker, B. W. (1988). A perspective on brand equity principles and issues - Google Académico.https://scholar.google.es/scholar?q=+A+perspective+on+brand+equity+ principles+and+issues+&btnG=&hl=es&as_sdt=0%2C5.
  3. Berry, L. L. (2000). Cultivating service brand equity. Journal of the Academy of Marketing S cience, 28(1), 128 – 137. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070300281012 .
  4. Burnatd, P. (1991). A Method of Analysing Interview in Qualatative Research. Nurse Education Today, 11(6), 461 – 466. http://ac.els - cdn.com/026069179190009Y/1 - s2.0 - 026069179190009Y - main.pdf?_tid=54bd2acc - aa11 - 1 1e4 - 86f9 - 00000aab0f6c&acdnat=1422795394_45df4030c8f63742a7e48ad6df775c18 .
  5. Caldwell, N., & Freire, J. R. (2004). The differences between branding a country, a region and a city: Applying the Brand Box Model. Journal of Brand Management, 12(1), 50 – 61. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bm.2540201 .
  6. Chang, H. H., & Liu, Y. M. (2009). The impact of brand equity on brand preference and purchase intentions in the service industries. The Service Industries J ournal, 29(12), 1687 – 1706. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642060902793557 .
  7. Chen, C. F., & Chang, Y. Y. (2008). Airline brand equity, brand preference, and purchase intentions - The moderating effects of sw itching costs. Journal of Air Transport Management, 14(1), 40 – 42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2007.11.003 .
  8. Chen, C. F., & Chen, F. S. (2010). Experience quality, perceived value, sat isfaction and behavioral intentions for heritage tourists. Tourism Management, 31(1), 29 – 35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.02.008 . Cobb - Walgren, C. J., Ruble, C. A., & Donthu, N. (1995a ). Brand equity, brand preference, and purchase intent. Journal of Advertising, 24(3), 25 – 40. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1995.10673481 .
  9. Cobb - Walgren, C. J., Ruble, C. A., & Donthu, N. (19 95b). Ruble & Naveen Donthu (1995) Brand Equity, Brand Preference, and Purchase Intent. Journal of Advertising, 24(3), 25 – 40. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1995.10673481 . 67
  10. DAVIDSON, A. P., & YU, Y. (2008). The Internet and The Occidental Tourist: An Analysis of Taiwan’s Tourism Websites from The Perspective of Western Tourists. Information Technology & Tourism, 7(2), 91 – 102. https://doi.org/10.3727/1098305054517318 .
  11. Dewar, K., Du Cros, H., & Li, W. (2012). Journal of Heritage Tourism The search for World Heritage brand awareness beyond the iconic heritage: a case study of the Historic Centre of Macao. Journal of Heritage Tourism. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2012.722640 .
  12. Erdem, T., & Swait, J. (1998). Brand equity as a signaling phenomenon. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 7(2), 131 – 157. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327663jcp0702_02.
  13. Farquhar, P. H. (1991). Recognizing and measuring brand assets : working paper / Peter H . Farquhar ... [et al.]. In Report / Marketing Science Institute (USA). Marketing Science Instit ute. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat02889a&AN=url.b102178 1&site=eds - live .
  14. Godey, B., Manthiou, A., Pederzoli, D., Rokka, J., Aiello, G., Donvito, R., & Singh, R. (2016). Social media marketing efforts of luxury brands: Influence on brand equity and consumer behavior. Journal of Business Research, 69(12), 5833 – 5841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.04.181 .
  15. Goh, E. (2010). Understanding the heritage tourist market segment. In Int. J. Leisure and Tourism Marketing (Vol. 1, Issue 3).
  16. Hall, C. M., & Piggin, R. (2012). World Heritage sites: Managing the brand. In Managing Visitor Attractions: New Directions (pp. 203 – 219). Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080496368 .
  17. Halp enny, E., Kono, S., & Moghimehfar, F. (2018). Predicting World Heritage site visitation intentions of North American park visitors. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 9(3), 417 – 437. http s://doi.org/10.1108/JHTT - 10 - 2017 - 0109 .
  18. Hazen, H. (2008). “Of outstanding universal value”: The challenge of scale in applying the World Heritage Convention at national parks in the US. Geoforum, 39(1), 252 – 264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2007.05.007 .
  19. Herrmann, A., Huber, F., Shao, A. T., & Bao, Y. (2007). Building brand equity via product quality. Total Quality Management and Business Excellence, 18(5), 531 – 544. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783360701240030 .
  20. IUCN. (2013). IUCN protected area definition, Management categories and governance types. The International Journal of Protected Areas and Conservation, November ( 19.2), 2. www.iucn.org/pa_guidelines .
  21. Keller, K. L. (1993). Conceptualizing, Measuring, and Managing Customer - Based Brand Equity. Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 1 – 22. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299305700101 .
  22. Keller, K., & Sood, S. (2003). Brand Equity Dilution. MIT Sloan Management Review, 45(1), 12 – 15. King, L. M., & Halpenny, E. A. (2014a). Communicating the World Heritage brand: Visitor awareness of UNESCO’s Worl d Heritage symbol and the implications for sites, stakeholders , and sustainable management. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(5), 768 –
  23. 786. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2013.864660 . King, L. M., & Halpenny, E. A. (2014b). Communicating the World Heritage brand: Visitor awareness of UNESCO’s World Heritage symbol and the implications for sites, stakeholders , and sustainable management. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(5), 768 –
  24. 786. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2013.864660 .
  25. Kvale, S., & Brinkmann, S. (2009). Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing. In InterViews: Learning the craft of qualitative research i nterviewing (pp. 81 – 96). Sage. Lassar, W., Mittal, B., & Sharma, A. (1995a). Measuring customer - based brand equity. In Journal of Consumer Marketing (Vol. 12, Issue 4, pp. 11 – 19). https://doi.org/10 .1108/07363769510095270 . 68 Lassar, W., Mittal, B., & Sharma, A. (1995b). Measuring customer - based brand equity. In Journal of Consumer Marketing (Vol. 12, Issue 4, pp. 11 – 19). https://doi.org/10.1108/ 07363769510095270 .
  26. MacKay, K. J., & Couldwell, C. M. (2004). Using visitor - employed photography to investigate destination image. Journal of Travel Research, 42(4), 390 – 396. https://doi.org/10.1177/0 047287504263035 .
  27. Mahajan, V., Rao, V. R., & Srivastava, R. K. (1994). An approach to assess the importance of brand equity in acquisition decisions. The Journal of Product Innovation Management, 11(3), 221 – 235. https://doi.org/10.1016/0737 - 6782(94)90005 - 1 .
  28. Motameni, R., & Shahrokhi, M. (1998). Brand equity valuation: A global perspective. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 7(4), 275 – 290. https://doi.org/10.1108/10610429810229799 .
  29. Omar, S. I., Muhibudin, M., Yussof, I., Sukiman, M. F., & Mohamed, B. (2013). George Town, Penang as a World Heritage Site: The Stakeholders’ Perceptions. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 91, 88 – 96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.405 .
  30. PATA. (2019). Asia Pacific Visitor Forecasts 2019 - 2023 Full Report now available - PATA. Asia
  31. Pacific Visitor Forecasts 2019 - 2023 Full Report. https://www.pata.org/asia - pacific - visitor - forecasts - 2019 - 2023 - full - report - now - available/ .
  32. Pedersen, A. (2002). Managing Tourism at World Heritage Sites: A Prac tical Manual for World Heritage Site Managers. In UNESCO. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
  33. Pitta, D. A., & Katsanis, L. P. (1995). Understanding brand equity for successful brand extension. In Journal of Consumer Market ing (Vol. 12, Issue 4, pp. 51 – 64). https://doi.org/10.1108/07363769510095306 .
  34. Poria, Y., Butler, R., & Airey, D. (2004). Links between tourists, heritage, and reasons for visiting heritage sites. Jo urnal of Travel Research, 43(1), 19 – 28. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287504265508 .
  35. Poria, Y., Reichel, A., & Cohen, R. (2011). World Heritage Site - Is It an Effective Brand Name? A Case Study of a Religious Heritage Site. Journal of Travel Research, 50(5), 482 – 495. https://doi.org/1 0.1177/0047287510379158 .
  36. Portalés, C., Lerma, J. L., & Pérez, C. (2009). Photogrammetry and augmented reality for cultural heritage applications. Photogrammetric Record, 24(128), 316 – 331. htt ps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477 - 9730.2009.00549.x .
  37. Prasad, K., & Dev, C. S. (2000). Managing Hotel Brand Equity. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 41(3), 22 – 31. https://doi.org/10. 1177/001088040004100314
  38. Pride, William M. Ferrell, O. C. (2003). Marketing : concepts and strategies (12th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Co., c2003. http s://trove.nla.gov.au/work/6496756?q&sort=holdings+desc&_=1575319123444& versionId=45808249 .
  39. Shen, S., Schüttemeyer, A., & Braun, B. (2009). VISITORS’ INTENTION TO VISIT WORLD CULTURAL HERITAGE SITES: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF SUZHOU, CHINA. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 26(7), 722 – 734. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548400903284610 .
  40. Shocker, A. D., & Aaker, D. A. (1993). Managing Brand Equity. Journal of Marketing Research, 30(2), 256. https://doi.org/10.2307/3172832 .
  41. Silberberg, T. (1995). Cultural tourism and business opportunities for museums and heritage sites. Tourism Management, 16(5), 361 – 365. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261 - 5177(95)00039 - Q . Simon, C. J., & Sullivan, M. W. (1993a). The Measurement and Determinants of Brand Equity: A Financial Approach. Marketing Science, 12(1), 28 – 52. https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.12.1.28 . 69 Simon, C. J., & Sullivan, M. W. (1993b). The Measurement and Determinants of Brand Equity: A Financial Approach. Marketing Science, 12(1), 28 – 52. https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.12.1.28 .
  42. Smith, D. C., & Aaker, D. A. (1992). Managing Brand Equity: Capitalizing on the Value of a Brand Name. Journal of Marketing, 56(2), 125. h ttps://doi.org/10.2307/1252048
  43. Southeastasiaglobe. (2018). Southeast Asia sees largest worldwide increase of tourists during first quarter of 2018. Lines Of Thought Across Southeast Asia. https://southeastasiaglobe.com/southeast - asia - tourism - increase/ .
  44. Taylor, S. A., Goodwin, S., & Celuch, K. (2004). The importance of brand equity to customer loyalty. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 13(4), 217 – 227. https://doi.org/10.1108/10610420410546934 .
  45. Timothy, D. J., & Boyd, S. W. (2006). Heritage tourism in the 21st century: Valued traditions and new perspectives. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 1(1), 1 – 16. https://doi.org/10.1080/17438730608668462 .
  46. Tiwari, M. K. (2010). Separation of brand equity and brand value. Global Business Review, 11(3), 421 – 434. https://doi.org/10.1177/097215091001100307 .
  47. UNESCO. (1978). UNESCO World Heritage Centre - World Heritage List. About World Heritage. http://whc.unesco.org/en/emblem/ .
  48. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. (2008). Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. Operationa l Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, July, 167. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/opguide08 - en.pdf .
  49. Vareiro, L. M. da C., Cristina Remoaldo, P., & Cadima Ribeiro, J . A. (2013). Residents’ perceptions of tourism impacts in Guimarães (Portugal): A cluster analysis. Current Issues in Tourism, 16(6), 535 – 551. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2012.707175
  50. Viken, A. (2006). Tourism and sámi identity – an analysis of the tourism - identity nexus in a sámi community. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 6(1), 7 – 24. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250600 560604 .
  51. Webster, M. (2004). Merriam - Webster’s collegiate dictionary. Choice Reviews Online, 41(05), 41 - 2515 - 41 – 2515. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.41 - 2515 .
  52. Winter, T. (2007). Editorial: Heritage on the Margins. Historic Environment, 20(2), 2 – 3. http://australia.icomos.org/publications/historic - environment/ .
  53. Yan, C., & Morrison, A. M. (2008). The Influence of Visitors’ Awareness of World Heritage Listings: A Case Study of Huangshan, Xidi and Hongcun in Southern Anhui. China, Journal of Heritage Tourism, 2(3), 184 – 195. https://doi.org/1 0.2167/jht059.0
  54. Yan, G., So, S. I., Morrison, A. M., & Sun, Y. H. (2007). Activity segmentation of the international heritage tourism market to Taiwan. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 12(4), 333 – 347. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941660701761001
  55. Yankholmes, A. K. B., & Akyeampong, O. A. (2010). Tourists’ perceptions of heritage tourism development in Danish - Osu, Ghana. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12(5), 603 – 616. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.781 Contributors: Phuong Bui Le Anh & Tzu - Ling Chen, National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism, 812301 No.1, Songhe Rd., Xiaogang Dist., Kaohsiung City, Taiwan (R.O.C. ) Correspond ing Author : Phuong Bui Le Anh. Email: anhphuong@duytan.edu.vn 70

Articles are published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, provided appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and source, a link to the licence is provided, and changes are indicated.

Fees: JOTS does not charge submission charges, article processing charges, author fees, or publication fees.
Copyright: © 2020 OTS Academy